America Needs Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

America Needs Human Cloning You attain been told that you are unique. The belief that there is no oneness else like you in the whole world made you feel special and proud. This belief may not be true in the future. The world was stunned by the news in late February 1997 that a British embryologist named Ian Wilmut and his research team had successfully cloned a lamb named Dolly from an adult sheep. Dolly was created by replacing the DNA of one sheeps egg with the DNA of another sheeps udder. While plants and lower forms of animal life need been successfully cloned for many years now, onward Wilmuts announcement it had been thought by many to be unlikely that such a procedure could be performed on higher mammals. The world media was immediately change with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning. Some of the most powerful people in the world have felt compelled to act against this threat. The President swiftly compel a ban on federal funding for human-c loning research. Bills are in the works in both houses of Congress to outlaw human cloning which it interpreted to be a fundamentally evil thing that must be stopped. But what is exactly bad about it? From an ethical point of view , it is sticky to see exactly what is wrong with cloning human beings. The people who are afraid of cloning tend to think that someone will break into Napoleons Tomb, slip ones mind some DNA and make 2000 emperors. In reality, cloning would be probably used by infertile people who now use donated sperm, eggs, or embryos. Do the potential harms outweigh the potential benefits of cloning? From what we know now, they dont. Therefore, we should not rush to ban a potentially useful method of helping infertile, genetically at-risk, or single people to become parents. We can start by asking whether human beings have a right to reproduce. I say Yes. I have no moral right to tell other people they shouldnt be able to have children, and I dont see that the Pres ident has that right either. If humans have a right to reproduce, what right does society have to limit the means? Essentially all reproduction is done these days with medical help- at delivery, and purge before. Truly natural human reproduction would make pregnancy-related death the number.

Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Simmel: The Relationship between Society and

Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Simmel The Relationship between Society and the Individual Each of the four classical theorists Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Simmel had polar theories of the kind between society and the individual. It is the objective of this paper to critically evaluate the sociological approaches of for each one theory to come to a better understanding of how each theorist perceived such a relationship and what it means for the nature of social reality.Karl Marx noted that society was highly stratified in that most of the individuals in society, those who worked the hardest, were also the ones who received the least from the benefits of their labor. In reaction to this observation, Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto where he described a new society, a more(prenominal) perfect society, a communist society. Marx envisioned a society, in which all property is held in common, that is a society in which one individual did not receive more than another, but in which all individuals shared in the benefits of collective labor (Marx 11, p. 262). In order to accomplish such a task Marx needed to describe a relationship between the individual and society that accounted for social change. For Marx such relationship was from the historical mode of production, through the exploits of wage labor, and thus the individuals relationship to the mode of production (Marx 11, p. 256).In the Communist Manifesto it is very clear that Marx is concerned with the organization of society. He sees that the majority individuals in society, the proletariat, live in sub-standard living conditions while the minority of society, the bourgeoisie, have all that life has to offer. However, his most acute observation was that the bourgeoisie control the means of production that separate the twain classes (Marx 11 p. 250). Marx notes that this is not just a recent development rather a historical process between the two classes and the individuals that compose it. It the bour geois has but establish new classes, new conditions of oppression, and new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other bourgeoisie ... ...lay in societal change. However it was only until the works of Durkheim and Simmel that the role of individual interaction and society is brought to the forefront. Durkheim largely viewed the individual as needing society as a mechanism of coldness to the aspirations of an eternal goal. Finally, Simmel was able to expand on Durkheims dualism by noting that society could be viewed as more than a mechanism of constraint rather as an accumulation of individual interaction. Either through a combination or as individuals each theorist distinct view of the relationship between the individual and so ciety demonstrates a new understanding towards the nature of social reality.Works CitedBender, Frederic L. Karl MarxThe Communist Manifesto. New York W.W. Norton & Company. ed. 1988. Durkheim, E. Suicide a Study in Sociology. Translated by J.A. Spaulding and G. Gibson (London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952).Simmel, Georg. The Stranger. from Kurt Wolff (Trans.) The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York Free Press, 1950.Weber M. (1971) The socialcauses of the decline of ancientcivilization, translated in J. E. T. Eldridge,Max Weber, London. Weber, M. (1976)

The Life of Kate Chopin Compared to the Life of Edna Potilier Essay

The events of Kate Chopins life strongly influence the feminist traits of Edna Pontilier, the main character in her refreshed The Awakening. Kate Chopin is known for her literary works that exemplify culture in New Orleans, Louisiana, and of womens struggles for freedom. Pontilier also demonstrates a cleaning ladys struggle in the 1800s and their search for a better and to a greater extent independent future. The lives of Kate Chopin and Edna Pontilier are similar in their feminist views and strong urge for a free and independent life.Kate Chopin was raised under the influence of strong, independent women who told her to do what she wanted in life and not let anyone get in her way (McMahon). Her grandmother was and independent woman who worked for herself and provided a good example that woman did not need a man to make it in the world. Chopin?s mother taught her from childhood that she should always depend on herself and no one else. Also, Chopin and Pontilier were devouring(preno minal) readers of books about everyday women gaining their freedom. Chopin read books such as Little Women, an 1876 myth about the lives of four sisters growing up during the American Civil War and Jane Eyre, an 1874 novel about a small, intelligent, and passionate orphan girl who struggles greatly on her way to freedom and independence . These books influenced her to make her novel The Awakening have a feminist viewpoint. Additionally, both women were married unprepared for the restrictions that went along with married life. They were used to being free and making their own decisions before marriage and were surprised at what was expected of them of society as wives. Kate Chopin defied society in many ways. She smoked cigarettes, questioned the Catholic church, loved to read and write a... ... Awakening was regarded by critics as vulgar, unwholesome, unhallowed and a misappropriation of Chopin?s exceptional literary talent.? ? The English Department of Bowling Green State Univer sity. After many years of criticism and unbelieving The Awakening was finally given the respect and recognition it deserved. Kate Chopin had many influences throughout her life that made her become the feminist writer she was when writing The Awakening. Edna Pontilier was created as a feminist because of influence of others on Chopin?s life, personal experiences and the enforcement of societal expectations placed on Chopin during this time. Both women defied society to obtain freedom and independence in a society where women were objects, not people. Without the influences in Kate Chopin?s life, Edna Pontilier my not have been the dynamic character she was during the novel.

So many Gods, So Little Time: Contemplating Religion :: Religious Religion Biblical God Essays

So many idols, So Little Time Contemplating theology The man watched with a blank gaze out the window of the plane. The scenery below passed him by buildings and streets mostly. But they were remarkably close to the plane much close than they should be. This man had previously been sitting in the passenger section of the plane, but he now sits in the pilot seat. The real pilot lay on the floor with his throat splayed open by a box-cutting knife. His bloody gurgles had long since ceased as his eyes fixed on the ceiling with a stare hardly death tail bring. He was of no matter only one of many deaths that would come today. The other men in the cockpit chanted prayers silently to themselves. Prayers to a wrathful and unsympathetic God. A God that had sent them on this holy quest. A building comes into view, and the plane begins heading straight for it. It lands home, searing concrete from metal, flesh from chock up, disintegrating bone to dust. People die, an d others rejoice in it. People die, and others thank God for their homicidal salvation. People die, and the survivors ask God why? I ask God not why did this happen, because no God had a hand in this. No person was on a quest from God. Fanatics who had handed themselves the will of God did this. I ask God why do we end lives over pointless arguments active you? Religion can be a funny thing. It can cause many events to happen, good and evil. Many people have prepare a sense of peace through pietism while others have found a reason to kill people and cause war. What is this creature called religion that can cause two such completely opposite things to happen? What is it about religion that is appealing to any human being? Why do people give up so much to follow the ways of religion? Because, in the end, religion is designed to force its followers into a form of submission in which the follower gives up his or her most basic of urges for the greater good of society and themselves.

Everyoneís Song :: Essays Papers

Everyones Song The question we must ask ourselves is What do we want to communicate to our progeny over a hundred years from now in the UTD Time contraction 2000? Choosing a song to let them slam how grand manner is in our time would be a misrepresentation. There will be numerous remnants to display the beauty of our era. It might be more advantageous to impart the reality of our age in the time capsule. Overall, choosing Bitter Sweet Symphony for the time capsule will benefit our descendents. Time Capsule is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as a container used to store for posterity a selection of objects thought to be representative of life at a particular time. The music in the UTD time capsule needs to be a symbol of our time, and our issues. There ar many examples of what whatever might consider investigateful music Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, and, hell, even Elvis. Nevertheless, they all symbolize anothe r time, another generation. Throughout life we may produce the beauty of friendship, the pain of a loved ones death, the miracle of new life, the biting sting of betrayal, the humbling of loyalty, the gratification of sex, the sorrow of rape, the thrill of success, the magic of music, and the wonder of the movies. Life is bittersweet, full of both pleasure and pain. We can all be placed into molds, and expected to stay there. Take the cliques at school, for example. Some of us are born into our molds, and live in resignation some deal with slurs like trailor trash and possibly even legacys left behind by past generations (Hes gonna be a good-for-nothing drunk like his daddy) Not all molds are negative in nature, some might be expectations others feel you should live up to(your big sister was a cheerleader, why arent you?) While some never shed auberges molds, others spend their whole lives trying to break free. We are many different people, depending on anothers pers pective. Richard Ashcroft, lead singer of The Verve, claims hes a million different people from one day to the next, but expounds he cant change his mold. We all play parts little girl/son, student, employee, friend, etc.

Economic impact of WTC attacks Essays -- essays papers

Economic impact of WTC attacksTerrorism is an increasing ball-shaped threat that was illustrated by the recent attacks on the World Trade Center buildings in New York. It was a highly organized attack and investigations have shown that in like manner the linked States, planning to a fault took place in different countries of Europe and Asia. These attacks are set to affect far more wad than the American establishment it was intended to harm. Over five thousand people are believed to have died as a direct resolving power of the attacks and many more deaths are anticipate due to the various consequences of this tragedy. In this essay I shall attempt to cover the far-reaching consequences of this terrorist attack, focusing mainly on the cultural, social and economic aspects.I shall begin by covering the economic consequences that in my opinion far outweigh any of the others. In the wake of the September 11 attacks close to 250,000 job cuts have been announced, and a nine-year rec ord high of unemployment claims have been reported in America. This number could have been even higher had it not been for the luxury of variable pay . By few estimates cuts in variable pay saved some 1.4 million jobs , that is 1 percent of the working population of America. Another study has found that these cutbacks will result in as much as a $30 billion drop in income for the first quarter of 2002 . This in turn will in all likelihood lead to a reduction in consumer spending that would have an adverse effect on the American economy. According to the Commerce Department retail sales fell 2.4 percent in September, much to the shock of Economists who did not expect a drop of this magnitude. Equally surprising to them is the apparent change in consumer stead in October, which has shown an increased willingness to spend money and has reduced pressure on the economy.Aside from the above-mentioned costs of the attacks there is also the cost of renovating the damaged areas of the pe ntagon which is estimated at between $700 and $800 million. The collapse of the World Trade Center towers caused damage to surrounding buildings and the developer who leases the site has plans to rebuild the towers which will be an extremely expensive endeavor. The government of the United States has also promised compensation for the victims and their families in return for not suing the Federal government or the airlines. Some peop... ...ed political or patriotic messages. Johnnie Hargis who had been working in the library for 22 years said he had never heard of the policy and that he was the only one punished. In conclusion, although a tragic event, the overreaction of many people has only worsened the situation. In a time when people should join together to fight ignorance and be more understanding of different cultures a handful of people are only making things worse by their warped sense of justice. It is the year 2001, anti-Muslim sentiment in the west and anti-American se ntiment in the Muslim world should not be tolerated if we are to be a true global community. BibliographyDaniel Eisenberg Paying To Keep Your Job Time magazine October 15, 2001 Vol. 158 none 17.Geoff Hiscock World Bank warns of poverty, child deaths www.cnn.com October 2, 2001.Federal deal ensures victims compensation www.cnn.com September 24, 2001. Lisa Barron Global airlines losses could top $10 billion www.cnn.com October 9, 2001. This research paper also includes some information from various other articles at CNN.com that although helpful were not significant in the composition of this assignment.

Market Segmentation of Coca Cola

Business confabulations In this assignment I testament be talking ab proscribed the types of in exploitation uptaked in Tesco. A I lead start by defining reading. Information is defined as the knowledge of specific events or situations that piss been gathered or received by colloquy, in sound outigence or news. The first type of training I will talk about is verbal. Verbal communication is part of the day to day activities of Tesco. VERBAL verbal communication entails the face to face expression of views and ideas or salubrious-nightimes across the telephone.In Tesco verbal data is obtained from both managers and employees as they both create together and need to be aware of certain pieces of information that are connect to either their business line or contemplate role as a whole. An example of verbal information is a blood line manager giving bid to a grocery staff as to how to arrange packaging trites on the shelves. This is a practical example of verbal infor mation beca physical exercise the staff initially did non know how to go about the arrangement but he obtained it from the face to face interaction with the store manager.Verbal information is internal beca mathematical function it is obtained from employees and different staff internal the business. In Tesco verbal information is used to invite support for activities because the support mustiness come from the employees in the business. For example, if Tesco need more staff for their night shift, they lecture to couple of staff who work in the day to seek for their help. The decision of verbal information is to elaborate more on key issues which are indispensable to the business because for example, issues like getting staff to do overtime needs to be verbal as the company is trying to persuade staff to do extra work for them.WRITTEN Written communication involves any type of interaction that makes use of the written word. It is one of the two main types of communication, a dour with oral or spoken communication. Written communication is very common in Tesco, so it is will be the interest of the business for managers to develop sound written communication skills. Some of the various forms of written communication that are used internally for business operations include memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals, and electronic mail. Written information as well as sometimes the form of diagrams, graphs and charts.For example Tesco continuously gives out pay slips to employees every month which contains their monthly salary and other deductions. This is written information which gives both managers and employees in Tesco the gist about how very much they were paid. Written information house be said to be an internal source of information in Tesco because the Human preference word of honor section comes out with written internal job va finishcies as well as the job description to get interested applicants. Tesco uses written info rmation for the purpose of informing the management and the staff about future breedings.For example if they want to expand, they will write to workers and tell them what they expect from them to help the business expansion. ON cover version This is where information may be produced on- veil. This can be seen in multimedia TVs and CD-ROMs that combine text, graphics, animation, audio and video. Tesco uses on screen information during deduction of new recruits into the business. The new recruits watch video of how to use equipment such(prenominal) as flat tops, cages etc. as well as to stay safe in fiber of fire outbreak etc. also the information used by the Checkout Assistants in Tesco are also on screen . n screen information used by Tesco is internal because the on screen information used by the Checkout Assistants are provided by the Price fair play department to inform the workers about current prices of stock and the video they show in the induction is also acted and take ed by the Tesco employees. The purpose of the on screen information is to invite support for activities because Tesco ask set their own standards in the business and by means of and through onscreen information they are able to show it to other race who are non aware of these standards in relation to price, health and safety etc.MULTIMEDIA multimedia means multiple forms of media. Media can be text, graphics, video, data etc. Tesco always do their advertisement on the Television and also in the composition and that is a form of multimedia information. This type of information is external because the Tesco advertisement ids knowing and presented by someone who is not part of the organisation. The purpose of utilize multimedia information is to advertise sales promotions. Tesco uses variety of information to communicate their sales promotion to customers.For example they place information about their Groceries, food and other products on offer in the newspaper or on the televis ion to target a lot of customers. WEB BASED sack up based are basically information found on a website. Tesco as a business occupy a business website to supplement the stores they have. Customers can also buy products and services from the website. The web based information is internal because it is a provided database by the company. The purpose of Tesco web base information is to update knowledge of their own market such as the performance of the business in recent and previous years.Also in the case of recruiting staff, Tesco upload the person specification and job description of the related vacancy on their website so that applicants can update themselves with the information on the website before applying. chore 2 Businesses use different kinds of information for their day to day activities. The information they use gives them a lot of merit as it contributes to effective communication and the smooth footrace of the business. In this part of the assignment I will analyse t he different types of information used by Tesco and the reason why they use such information as well as their related tidy sumbacks.Verbal In Tesco, verbal information is via the mouth. It includes managers and employees conversing with each other. In other words it also entails a telephone conversation between Customer Service staff and customers who wants to make an enquiry or at times customers who want to locate certain products at the make floor. Tesco uses verbal information because it is from a reliable sourcing which from either the management or the employees and thuslyce they can rely on it. There is high level of judgement and transparency.Tesco as a business embark on a lot of discussions as they have to deal with catalogue of duties in the shop and also work together as a team. Teamwork will enable them get the job do and this cannot be possible without verbal information. For example if the Stock Control discussion section of Tesco wants to embark on stock count s, the manager of the department will have to speak to the staffs of that department to give them all the necessary gist about the job and how it can be done.In this case there is flexibility and that is another benefit that is why Tesco use verbal information because the staff of the stock control department will also give the manager feedback about what they think and this will help the department and the entire Tesco team to get their job done. Tesco also use verbal information in problem resolution. Sometimes there are certain disputes, disagreements and conflicts between staffs, staff and customers etc. and this can be put to an arrest by talking over them.For example Tesco has an administrative team known as Listen and Fix they resolve problems amicably through verbal information. Its easier to communicate verbally than any other way because you get to render every detail that is being spoken by the other person. In Tesco customers communicate with the staff members this is an advantage because they get to ask questions if they dont understand the instructions clearly. As discussed above, there are a lot of benefits associated with verbal communication that is why Tesco use it to enable them solve problems and to achieve their stated aims and objects.Verbal communication is time saving for Tesco as far as daily interaction is concerned, in contrast, in case Tesco have a management meeting or an annual meeting, it consumes a lot of time and that is a drawback of verbal communication as it entails a lot of speeches. Also under this meeting, there are sometimes misunderstanding as they embark on a lot of debates fashioning it knockout to arrive at a conclusion and sometimes information from the management in the course are not clear as they do not follow any buckram procedure but just talking over them.Besides, verbal information has a short period of longevity making it difficult for receivers to recollect what was discussed. For example, if a custome r comes up to a customer champion in the shop floor to address a complain, the customer assistant will promise the customer to forward the issue to the management but it can occur that he might not recollect the information and hence the complaint will not be dealt with. Written Written communication has great significance in Tesco business.It is an innovative activity of the mind. Effective written communication is essential for preparing worthy promotional materials for Tescos development. Written information is more unique and formal. Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in fall off order in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences. Written information helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for the running of Tesco business.Tesco as the number one retailer in the UK always set high principles and policies to enable them be on top, and all these principles are passed on through the entire staff throu gh written information because it is more formal and precise. For example, last Tesco came up with a policy to enable them control the amount of stock lose in their various shops by doing an unannounced staff search. Tesco got their message across to the staff in the store through written information because that was formal and it breaks down every detail of the policy to the staffs.Also in the case of recruitment, Tesco written information to delegate responsibilities to new employees into the business because talking through responsibilities is not nice and both Personnel manager and the employee might forget what is said but written information in the form of employment contract is proper for record keeping. Written information adds up to Tesco cost of production as written information entails purchasing huge sums of stationary talk less of the manpower utilise in writing and delivering letters.The feedback of written information is not spontaneous making it hard for communicat ion in Tesco to be effective. Communication needs quick and effective suffices to be effective and further helps in the decision making process of Tesco. For example, Tesco relies heavily on their suppliers because they read in their stock on daily basis. If Tesco runs out of stock, they quickly scan the information of the products and send them quickly via email to their suppliers. In this case the suppliers are meant to respond quickly to the email.The suppliers sometimes take time to respond to the email thereby making the written communication ineffective. Tesco usually sends out emails and letters to their valued customers to inform them about their already existing special offers or impending ones. This information can easily be read and understood by most customers but sometimes customers from other countries who do not understand the English language may not understand the information and may regard it as useless.When this happens, Tesco merchandising strategies will not a chieve maximum results because some customers do not get the whole point of the written sales promotion send to them. On screen On screen is an advantage to Tesco because a large number of state can watch the presentation for example electronic paying tills they can get information if the tills are not works or if there is any discounts or and new system introduced by the organisation. Another advantage of onscreen information is that a large number of people can access information from it to help them upgrade their knowledge in an organisation.The government has influenced a lot of businesses to keep up with health and safety at their work to ensure the wellbeing of their workers and customers. Tesco usually show health and safety videos on screen to their workers. The video covers issues like how to react in case of fire outbreak, how to use Tesco equipment like cages, flat tops etc. the idea behind this video is to educate the workers on how to stay positive in the work place.T he video is shown onscreen to a large number of workers at a go making it easier to educate mass group of people in less time. Also the managers of Tesco do a monthly conference meeting with the Managing Director of the entire Tesco Company via the screen which really relieves the company the cost of arranging meetings because they can have a discussion with the manager without inviting him over. in time the disadvantage of this type of communication is that people with disabilities like blind people wont be able to communicate apply this method.I made mentioned that Tescos cost is reduced because they can have a meeting with their Managing Director without inviting him over. However the disadvantage towards the onscreen meeting is that in case of adept failures like inability to connect equipment, the meeting will be affected or might not come on at all. In other words, the Managing Director can monopolize the decisions to be made under the meeting because it is not a face to fa ce meeting to enhance free hearty interaction and influence of certain decisions under the meeting.Tesco self-service is onscreen which gives information to customers on better ways to pay for the items they have purchased in store without joining the long queues at the checkout however there is a disadvantage towards this form of communication because the information is written in English Language and customers who do not understand the language cannot follow the steps listed on the self-service machine. Multimedia Tesco fancy multimedia as it is able to help them target their target audition with their special offers . ultimedia can be television, audio, video, newspapers, billboards etc. for example billboards are good for communicating because they are situated in busy places. Tesco normally show their trounce selling items on their billboards to string or inform passing drivers and other customers about their special offers in store. Besides, Tescos advertisement are mostly done on the television because most customers watch television at their work places, homes etc. so the advertisement can be seen by customers to know what is deviation on in the business.To Tesco, multimedia is more appealing over traditional advertising methods. For example in the olden days, businesses use word of mouth as an effective advertising tool to tell customers about their businesses and the products or services. That was really time consuming and in other words targeted few audiences. Tesco by employ multimedia like Television, Newspapers and Radio stations are able to inform the customers and the entire public about their recent or impending sales promotions. However com favoriteitive businesses in the retail sector such as ASDA, Sainsbury etc. ses multimedia in their operations hence it makes it difficult for customers to understand the positioning of Tescos products. Tesco incur a lot of costs by advertising through the media such as radio stations and television c hannels, besides advertising through the media to win the target audience attention requires strategic planning to make it effective. For example if Tesco is advertising a product to target students on the television, they will have to have to do it in the evening as students are most of the time available in the evening.Another disadvantage of multimedia information is that it is not solitary(prenominal) expensive but also advertisement through some media formats has short life. For example, Tesco advert will only be current in a newspaper throughout a day or two and afterwards becomes history. This makes multimedia information less effective. Web based The internet is used to allow people to shop from home at any time on their computers using Tesco online. They simply connect to the internet and then send the order. Websites are used to store lots of information for customers, for example, latest CDs sold in Tesco.Wines, information on a baby and toddler club etc. niner-cards ar e a form of internal communication because Tesco stores every item that you have bought when your card is swiped this means that they know what have been selling the most and the least in the store. Besides, the most taken for granted(predicate) advantage of web based information is the potential for reaching a wider audience. The internet is used by literally millions of people all of them are facial expression for something to buy. Tesco having a website enables them to operate over a wider area meaning they can now get in touch with their unreachable customers.With web based information customers can easily access information about Tesco. They can see what products or services they sell, their prices, location and much more. The advantage here is that whatever Tesco decides to tell customers, they can find it with a few clicks of a mouse. Frequent system breakdown makes Tesco web based information inaccessible for both customers and Tesco. Customers will be frustrated if they ca nnot access Tesco website or find it difficult to find other information and they will resort to other business website.This will really act as down Tescos reputation and sales as well. The security issue on Business web can be a disadvantage because it can be vulnerable to hackers who can use deviant means to shop online or in other words use someones reliance card to purchase stuff online which can create customers and business problems. Task 3 In this final task, I will be evaluating the appropriateness of business information used to make strategic decisions in Tesco. I will write this in relation to two functional areas in Tesco namely pay Department and Marketing Department.Strategic decision is defined as the grand direction of the business. That is to say they are decisions which the business makes in relation to where they want to be in the future. The finance department of Tesco generates a variety of financial information that is helpful in decision making, including P rofit and Loss eyeshades providing details of whether Tesco is making efficient use of financial resources. Sales and purchases information setting out particular types of trading and accounts with particular customers and suppliers. A budget serves as a plan for the future development of Tesco.Managers are able to monitor budgets in order to spot variances and make on going adjustments to plans. Financial statements such as the profit and departure account and the residue sheet provide information about past performance of Tesco. Finance department are able to compare the performance of the business in one accounting period to the other. For example, on the 25 of February, Tesco were able to compare their profit and perfect fixed assets through the information in the profit and loss account as well as the balance sheet of the business.In 2011, the annual disorder of Tesco was ? 60455. 0m and a profit of ? 2777. 0m the total fixed asset was 35167. 0. In 2012, the flip overover is ? 64539. 0m and the profit is ? 2956. 0m. The total fixed asset is 379180. Tesco was able to track the business as successful through their balance and profit account because the turnover and total fixed assets in the year 2012 is greater than that of 2011. This was brought to their notice through the information they recorded in their accounts.The finance department of Tesco can now make a basic forecast by following the trend of their turnover and profit/loss accounts to help them in the effective allocation of money. The balance sheet information helps Tescos strategic decision because the balance sheet summarizes Tescos assets, liabilities and shareholders equity at a specific point in time which can attract investors to invest in the business to increase the revenue of the business. Investors can analyse the performance of Tesco by looking at the balance sheet to see how much Tesco owes and owns.In contrast the information used by the finance department of Tesco in the prof it and loss account and balance sheet can be manipulated and this makes the information not accurate or reliable for making financial judgements. Tesco as a PLC prepare financial statements for their external stakeholders, like creditors and shareholders, and for external auditors. Unfortunately, it is simple fair to middling for the company to manipulate the statements. The management of Tesco may choose to overinflate profits to lure prospective shareholders into investing in the company.Also care must be taken when using financial documents such as profit and loss account. This is because the financial information is not current since it was prepared years back and Tesco cannot really rely on it to make decisions in terms of the success and failure of the company at present time. It is obvious that profit and loss as well as balance sheet of Tesco can be manipulated however it can be suggested that the profit and loss account really help Tesco to make strategic decisions such as investing in profitable ventures to boast the profit margin of the company.For example, The Tesco website, in which it has invested heavily in during recent years, saw profits leap by 21 per cent to ? 48 million, on the back of an almost equal percentage sales rise. Online grocery orders lifted by 10 per cent to ? 7. 5 million. The marketing department of Tesco on the other hand uses information from the Tesco club card to make decisions such as positioning of certain products. It has been able to use the bon ton card very effectively in addressing different customer segments and in attracting and retaining customers of all types.Club card is Tescos membership scheme which allows customers to besides money on shopping by providing them price-off vouchers. Customers get a point on every pound they spend shopping at any stores of Tesco group of companies as well as at stores of their partner companies. erstwhile a customer accumulates 150 points, these are then converted into Club card vouchers which enable the customer to save money on shopping. For getting a Tesco Club card customers have to register by filling in a form and sending it by post or they can also register online as well as over the phone.Anytime customers shop at Tesco, their club card is swiped. This means that the Club card acts as a tool for Tescos marketing department for collecting utilizable marketing data related to the buying habits of individual customers. Once the marketing department have observed the buying habit of customers, they then apply the information in their marketing strategies. For example, if more customers in Barking purchase pet food, then the marketing department will send vouchers to these customers to enable them buy more to increase sales.Besides as part of secondary research conducted by Tesco, then company makes use of government statistics to find information about the external environment. For example government statistics shows the current state of the econ omy such as inflation, ecological niche etc. Tesco knowing what is going on in the economy can then make vital decisions on their pricing and other ways to crowd their brands. For example, if the economy is in recession, Tesco will then embark on sales promotion to enable them sell more products to customers as well as minify their prices to target more customers.Looking at the above advantage, it would be easy to draw a conclusion that government statistics are in fact very useful as a source of data for the marketing department of Tesco however there are also important disadvantages to official statistics so care must be taken when using information from government statistics because they are not always produced in a useful form, making them harder for a Tesco to analyse and draw any trends and patterns from it.The information from the club card used by the Marketing department of Tesco can be described as unreliable because most customers have the view that the club card is a violation of rights and they do not comply. Besides, some customers who have registered for the club card do not even bring it along when they shop so it is sometimes difficult for the marketing department to make headway in determining which goods are selling and those which are not.My personalized opinion is that the club card information on the Tesco database has actually helped Tesco to track the buying habits of 13 million British families. these buying habits has also in turn boasted Tescos relationship marketing as well as promoting customer loyalty in the business.

Student Calculator Use The Need For Limitations Education Essay

Math is an built-in portion of animateness. Worlds can non travel done life without utilizing math in some form or signifier, whether it is numbering money to pay the dinner measure, adding up the sum of money collected in a fundraiser or ciphering beforehand equations as a atomic applied scientist. Calculators have besides become an built-in portion of life. Calculator role in indoctrinates has been a footing for argument for about 40 old ages. Calculators can profit or function as crutches for society. They prove good in rushing up computations when paying measures and taking trials. However, they can besides be a hinderance. Peoples frequently become so dependent on figurers that they begin to lose the competency to perpetrate simple numeric equations such as 15 quantifys three peers 45. Students are affected by figurer manipulation to a higher mannikin than anyone else beca habituate they are in categories where they are required to cipher, job solve, and analyze eve ry twenty-four hours. Calculators can be helpful nevertheless, the usage of reckoners, by pupils in solely classs, should be control. Overexploitation of reckoners frequently leads to student loss of boldness in numerical accomplishments and abilities, a misinterpretation of the function and map of the reckoner, and overdependence on reckoners as tools merely. umpteen pupils and grownups, including instructors, believe extended usage of reckoners should be a demand in mathematics categories. Several provinces, including North Carolina, now require the usage of charting reckoners in the trail of study and on province trials while others entrust, but do non necessitate reckoner usage. Dion et Al. showed that over a95 % of schools thoughted al depressive disordered or subscribeed reckoners in their Algebra I classes, 98 % allowed or needed reckoners in their Geometry categories, 99 % allowed or needed reckoners in Algebra II and 99.9 % allowed or needed reckoners in their Pre -Calculus/Trigonometry categories ( 429 ) . Many instructors allow pupils to hold unlimited usage of reckoners in their schoolrooms and believe that pupil reckoner usage makes larning mathematics more interesting to pupils ( Brown et al. 106 ) . These facts reflect the positions of many chirrup the demand for consistent reckoner usage in the schoolroom, nevertheless, the argument furies on.Even though many pupils, instructors and parents argue that there should be reckoner usage in the schoolroom, they agree that usage should be limited to some extent. What they do non cognize, is where to pull the line. The changeless usage of reckoners present many possible jobs in larning experiences, including but non limited to dependence, overexploitation, and the procedure of forcing buttons instead than executing mathematical calculations. Most pedagogues concede that reckoner usage should be accompanied by direction, mold and pattern. As a futurity mathematics instructor, I shell out re ckoners to be trenchant when introduced and implemented decently in the schoolroom. A combination of direction with reckoner usage promotes more effectual and efficient applications of mathematical designs and processs by pupils.Ineke Imbo et Al. researched different math jobs and persons to see how elements alike job size, operations, gender, pattern, accomplishment, and reckoner usage influence simple arithmetic public presentation. It was rig that procedural schemes were performed faster when job size was smaller, arithmetic accomplishment was higher, and reckoner usage was less frequent ( Imbo et al. 458 ) . This substantiates the demand for restricting the usage of reckoners by pupils. Subjects in the research of Imbo et Al. were studied in footings of choosing and put to dea involvement retrieval ( what is known ) and procedural ( the procedure of organizeing jobs out ) schemes on an arithmetic accomplishments undertaking, trial, and questionnaire. Students who used re ckoners often showed low retrieval and procedural efficiency degree but did non differ in scheme choices ( Imbo et al. 459 ) . The consequences showed that pupils frequently selected good schemes for job resolution but the pick of scheme did non ever produce effectual or efficient processs or procedures for course outing jobs, and the figure of processs identified in making math is limited by reckoner usage. Imbo et Al. related frequent reckoner usage to hapless arithmetic public presentation for both immature kids and grownups in this research ( 460 ) . This hapless arithmetic public presentation, enhanced by frequent reckoner usage, frequently prefaces mathematically related assurance issues in pupils.Many pupils struggle with math and develop a disfavor for it because they deficiency assurance in their mathematical accomplishments. Unlimited usage of reckoners often helps construct a feeling of insufficiency or give pupils a false sense of assurance ( Porchea 118 ) . Calculator s are non meant to, and can non, work out all math jobs in schoolrooms despite the fact that many people intend so. Dion et Al. reported in her surveies that few points on the instructors tests really required reckoners to work out the jobs ( 433 ) . Since trials do non reflect the demand for reckoner usage, it is degrading to presume pupils need reckoners in order to execute mathematical operations. This degradation of top executive lessens the assurance degrees of pupils in mathematical operations. Lack of assurance mathematically is compounded by assurance issues in executing computations with reckoners.Research besides shows that pupils are frequently uncomfor dishearten utilizing reckoners. Berry and Graham analyzed pupils key strokes on reckoners as they took trials ( 143 ) . They found that pupils did non fashion strategies or ways of working that incorporated the reckoner ( Berry and Graham 143 ) . Even though there were jobs on the trials that required certain type s of computations within the ability of the reckoner, cardinal shot analysis showed virtually no grounds of these being done on the artworks reckoners ( Berry and Graham 143 ) . When pupils were interviewed and asked about this they replied that while they knew how to utilize the reckoner to transport out statistical trials, they did non experience wholly confident in making this ( Berry and Graham 143 ) . Berry and Graham s research discloses that pupils who lack reckoner cognition, abilities and assurance lack the same in respects to math. This has many deductions for instructors.Porchea s survey indicated that instructors spent an copiousness of clip reassuring pupils on their usage of reckoners and supplying elaborate account refering pupils realised undertakings on the reckoner ( 50 ) . Quesada studied seven hundred and 70 pupils in college pre-calculus categories ( 206 ) . The control group survey required the usage of scientific reckoners and a regular math book. The e xperimental group used one type of charting reckoner and a text random variable designed for charting reckoners. The experimental group scored higher on the concluding test than the control group. Consequences of the survey argued that the usage of the graphing reckoner and designed text edition facilitated apprehension, provided ability to look into replies, and saved clip. However, the pupils that used charting reckoners performed somewhat worse in the fellowship than in old math categories ( Quesada 212 ) . Students voiced that they were concerned that while there were advantages to computer graphic reckoner usage, they did non experience prepared for the following degree math class and sensed they were excessively dependent on the usage of reckoners in category. This demonstrates pupils deficiency of assurance in reckoner applications and their abilities to calculate mathematical jobs, even when having direction on reckoner usage and integrating of reckoner accomplishments i n categories. Students must larn to utilize reckoners to the fullest extent to profit from the engineering. The Theory of Instrumentation, introduced by Berry and Graham, discusses reckoners as tools or instruments ( 141 ) . If, when utilizing a reckoner, pupils incorporate techniques to work out jobs the reckoner becomes a tool utilised to finish a undertaking. When a strategy or program is constructed by pupils while utilizing the reckoner, it evolves into an instrument ( Berry and Graham 1044 ) . The difference between pupils utilizing a reckoner as an instrument or tool shows whether they represent the capablenesss of the reckoner. They use this cognition to program and strategize a solution to a job ( instrument usage ) or they may be calculator smart and know all of the right buttons to force to acquire an reply ( usage as a tool ) . When pupils are utilizing the reckoner as an instrument they are making a solution to a job. Students frequently view calculator actions to b e wholly dissolve from mathematical calculation and job resolution. Most pupils use reckoners as tools. Te pine awayrs should holler and demand reckoner usage as an instrument in their schoolrooms. When reckoners are used as instruments, pupils demonstrate cognition of how the reckoner works and what it can make.Berry and Graham studied 12 pupils as they worked on a set of two undertakings and found, through with(predicate) their key strokes, that the pupils were excessively reliant on the reckoner without cognizing many of the anomalousnesss it may bring on ( 146 ) . No strategy or program was evidenced by their key strokes, because the pupils did non make ways of working that incorporated the usage of the reckoner as an instrument ( Berry and Graham 142 ) . Students utilized the reckoner as a tool to happen an reply, non as an instrument to invent a program to work out a job. In Berry and Graham s surveies, usage of the reckoners as tools impacted the pupils, but unluckily pu pil cognition and understanding neer impacted how the reckoners were used ( 142 ) . Datas from McCulloch provides grounds that many pupils perceive the graphing reckoner to be a tool that is of import because of its ability to decrease the thought involved in work outing a job ( 43 ) , and they besides consider reckoners to be efficient tools in work outing jobs rapidly ( McCulloch 87 ) . The usage of a reckoner offers pupils a assortment of powerful new scholarship and job resolution schemes, but as a tool, it diminishes the demand for the pupil to get a high grade of accomplishment in symbol use ( Katsberg and Leatham 29 ) . Students must be knowing about reckoners to utilize them as instruments to happen ways to work out mathematical jobs.Whether reckoners are used by pupils as tools or instruments, they are merely every bit smart as their users and can merely execute operations when manipulated to make so. Therefore, pupils must understand the function and maps of the reckone rs to utilize them efficaciously and expeditiously. The deficiency of cognition about the maps and problem-solving techniques of reckoners frequently consequences in pupil abuse and mistakes. While pupils know the basic procedures of reckoners, they are non witting of the particular maps, keys, and characteristics reckoners have, or the function of these in the usage of the reckoner to work out jobs. Students rarely go beyond the functionality of the reckoner to research the potency or restraints of the engineering. Berry and Graham revealed that pupils in their instance surveies were incognizant of many of the characteristics of the reckoners even though they had entree to and used reckoners every twenty-four hours in category. The pupils besides make errors that would non hold been made without the usage of a reckoner. The advanced operations of reckoners, such as screen size and trigonometric maps, were neer explored by the topics in the surveies of Katsberg and Leathman ( 27 ) . For illustration, the pupils were required to chart a map and because they did non cognize to alter the screen size of the reckoner they graphed the incorrect map as their reply. They knew what the map should look like but because the reckoner showed them otherwise, they assumed the reckoner was right. If they had a on the job cognition of the maps of the reckoner, the pupils would hold known to alter the screen size. If they would hold graphed the map by manus, they would hold realized their error. In Katsberg and Leathman s research, charting reckoners were found to be used predominately to look into algebraic solutions, find solutions graphically, and to chart maps. When pupils understand the function and maps of reckoners, they are homey utilizing scheme and applications to work out mathematical jobs.Katsberg and Leatham s research besides indicates that pupils become baffled and overwhelmed as they attempt to incorporate their cognition of mathematics with their developing apprehension and usage of a reckoner ( 28 ) . Brown et al. indicated through their research that instructors of high mathematics classs worry that reckoner usage by pupils may be a manner of acquiring replies without understanding mathematical procedures ( 102 ) . The bulk of the clip pupils do non utilize old cognition to work out jobs utilizing the reckoner. When utilizing a in writing reckoner the pupils seemed to hold forgotten what they learned when they foremost started out plotting graphs ( Berry and Graham 146 ) . There is a broad graduated table difference in the ability to work out a job utilizing a reckoner and the application of cognition and accomplishment to work out mathematical jobs through critical thought and reckoner applications.Berry and Graham found, through the keystroke research, that pupils frequently adopted a button pressing experimental scheme to work out jobs alternatively of understanding the procedure ( 147 ) . Dion et Al. reinforced this by reasonin g that The debut of reckoners into the course of study needfully invites pupils to larn keystroke instead than constructs ( 433 ) . It is of import to separate between reckoner proficiency and the mathematical ability of pupils. The demand for pupils to regularly write down their work and reflect, instead than merely acquire the reply to a job, stems from this deficiency of pupil understanding in what a reckoner can make and how it is used. Quesada et Al. observed that pupils tend to automatically get down to seek to diagrammatically work out jobs alternatively of work outing them algebraically when reckoner usage is allowed in categories ( 213 ) . Students who were interviewed in McCulloch s instance surveies indicated that reckoner usage is a protection cyberspace sort of thing supplying a opportunity to plug- in Numberss to happen replies when needed ( 2 ) . What follows is a false sense of security sing mathematical abilities and accomplishments. Calculator usage does non g uarantee that a pupil is mathematically adept merely like the ability to make math does non require strength in reckoner accomplishmentsMy experience change of location through school supports my statement that reckoner usage in schools should be limited. Throughout my in-between school old ages we were allowed to utilize a TI-15 trade name reckoner. Slightly more advanced than a scientific reckoner, it allows for calculating and simplifying fractions and utilizing per centum marks. We seldom used them in category or on prep assignments. Due to the limited usage of the reckoners in in-between school, my Algebra I category during my first-year twelvemonth of high school was a zephyr. However, as a ten percent class high school pupil, TI-83 reckoners were required. TI-83 s, available in every schoolroom, were used every twenty-four hours from that point frontwards in my high school calling. Access to a reckoner at all times, fostered a dependance on utilizing it for a good sum of t he work I did. When I arrived at North Carolina State University I was shocked that I was non allowed to utilize a reckoner in my math categories. During my Calculus I category last semester, reckoner usage was non allowed in category at all, for any ground. Limited reckoner usage has continued this semester in my Calculus II category. I frequently find myself holding to re-study certain facets of mathematics because I became so dependent on my reckoner in high school. It was, and is non, an easy thing to make. College math professors move through stuff rapidly and supply small review clip in category. More research should be done to accurately show how reckoner usage in schools is impacting pupils, separately and as a whole, from the clip of passage from in-between school to high school and through start from high school.Calculator usage should be limited due to the many jobs pupils face when utilizing them. Even with the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction s consent of reckoner usage in the schoolrooms, limited usage could be easy implemented. Teachers could delegate reckoner inactive prep and force pupils to demo all of their work. other option would be to do assigned trials calculator inactive but allow clip for pupils to utilize the reckoner to look into their work one time they have finished the trial. Students might besides be required to demo all of their work on trials and quizzes with the reckoner available to them for usage. Restrictions could be set on reckoner usage by non leting the reckoners when pupils are larning new stuff. Checking work with the reckoner after quizzes, where reckoner usage is prohibited, might supply a great pedagogy minute as pupils begin to larn how they can look into their work or execute these undertakings accurately on the reckoner while reflecting on the completed work.The usage of a reckoner can do negative effects, but is non normally harmful until pupils become dependent and think they can non carry t hrough mathematical undertakings and trials without them. If instructors do non necessitate pupils to demo their work on a regular basis, so they can non claim command of accomplishments in mathematics. Besides, instructors can non anticipate their pupils to claim command of mathematical accomplishments. With the restrictions above, or if instructors design their ain originative restrictions, the pupils mathematical ability will be even greater than what it is presently. It can non ache to restrict the usage of reckoners it will merely assist better college-bound pupils accomplishments as they enter college. It will besides increase the cognition and mathematical accomplishments and abilities of those who are graduating and traveling into the military or work force. This would break advance the ends of high schools, to fix and educate skilled, globally cognizant, and future ready pupils for tomorrow. Calculator usage in schools should be limited to better guarantee that pupils possess command of accomplishments without dependance on beginnings other than themselves in readying for the present and future.

Case Study on Golf Equipment Industry

The industriousness overview The retail gross revenue of play pole equipment industry, which includes golf fellowships, bags, balls, gloves and footgear, declined from just about $4 billion to about $3 billion in 2003 and then rebounded to around $3. 8 billion in 2007 with m each panics remaining. The changes in the retail protect of golf equipment industry atomic emergence 18 closely related to the total number of golf players and total rounds of golf played in the country. The mesh rate of golf has dropped approximately 21% from 27. 5 million in 1998 to 22. million in 2007, being the largest decrease rate during the same period among selected sports and recreational activities including bicycle riding, fishing, hunting, running, swimming, lawn tennis and workout at fitness club (Source National Sporting Goods Association in Gamble 2008, C-80,). The total rounds of golf played in the United States had r atomic number 18ly changed in the last decades, it is peculiarly fla t from 2004 to 2007, with less(prenominal)(prenominal) than 1% changes recorded (Source National golf Foundation in Gamble 2008, C-80). 7% of golf equipment gross sales are from core golfers-those playing at least 8 times a year and averaging 37 rounds a year (Gamble 2008, C-80). Although, there are less players and less rounds played then before, manufacturers are compelled to go ahead with their debut and development schedule and even boost their missing in tradeing (Stogel 2009). in that location are two types of manufacturers in the golf equipment industry.High-end leading give aways, which include well known name such as TaylorMade-Adidas, mint Brand (parent of Titleist and Cobra), Callaway, Ping, Cleveland and Nike spent colossal amount of resources on R&D for innovative designs and distributed their product through on and off-course pro shops and major online golf equipment retailers. The low-end manufacturers such as ex golf and Dunlop Golf with less developed t echnological capabilities sold their products at attractively lower prices. They mainly boil down on beginner and occasional golfers through part store, large sporting goods stores and discounters.The three defining characteristics of the golf equipment industry are the number of golfers, gear design innovations and brand recognition. The United States Golf Association (USGA) and the violet & Ancient Golf Club (R&A) had started placing more and more performance regulations to limit the manufacturers ability to develop equipments, clubs and balls, with advanced technological innovations, because USGA officials believed that its an effective way of defend historic golf courses that could not be lengthened due to space limitations, but also ensuring that the skill is the dominant element in determining games achievement.It is believed that such performance regulations had two impacts to the golf industry. Firstly, it discourages new golfers from taking up the game. Secondly, it eq ualises the technological differences between the tall-end market leaders and the low-end producers. In all, the golf equipment industry is a fix-sized marketing driven market with up-to-the-minute manufacturers, each trying to capture a bigger market sell by growing doctrine on price competitions. The competition in this industry for market share is fierce. The quintette-forces analysisWe take the five-forces model of competition to analyse the militant forces in five areas that affects the industry attractiveness. 1. The competitive military presss created by the rivalry among competing manufacturers are very strong and concur the greatest effect on the industry attractiveness, mainly due to a. completely leading brand manufacturers are active in delivering advanced products with design innovations in order to improve their market standing, b. All leading brand manufacturers are quite equal in size and capability. They can hardly be differentiated in overall product perfor mances. . There are fewer buyers with less demand. d. Equalization of technological capabilities due to restrictive limitation has shortened the differences in equipment performance between low-end and high-end products. e. There is growing reliance on price competitions. The competitive weapons used by companies to outmaneuver one another include a. close to brands started the battle of price cutting. The average unit marketing price of most golf equipments dropped. For example a. Drivers and woods dropped from $231 in 1997 to $174 in 2007. b. Irons dropped from $75 in 1997 to $71 in 2007. c.Footwear dropped from $86 in 1997 to $81 in 2007. d. Golf bags dropped from $126 in 1997 to $116 in 2007. (Source Golf Datatech in Gamble 2008, C79,) b. All brands are spending huge amount on R&D for technological onward motion to give a better and easier swing, they also providing a boarder range of equipments to suit golfer with different needs (Rynecki 2001). In addition, some had added adjustable features such as the TaylorMade r7 drivers, which allow golfers to move tungsten weight plugs among a series of slots located in the rear of the driver to adjust launch angle and remaining/right dispersion. c.Manufacturers were relying on winning authoritys contracts with touring professionals to enhance their image. For example, Nike paid Tiger Wood nearly $100 million kisser contract in 2007. d. Custom competent was offered by most manufacturers and pro shops. It became important to pull market share as most manufacturers introduced shaft flex options in early 2000s. 2. The competitive pressures associated with the threat of new entrants were weak mainly due to a. The market demand does not show any increase since the number of golfers and the total rounds played are lessen year after year b.Most golfers kick in a very high degree of loyalty. They are highly in all probability to stick to the brand that they were apply and normally have strongly believes to the ir favourite touring professionals choices. Along with the high technological product designs that influence most buyers purchasing decisions, it has do the entry barriers very high for this industry. c. Almost all existing manufactures are experiencing unpleasant profit grows in recent years. However, opportunities for new entrants still exist for low-end golf gears market under the current regulatory conditions. The new comer may be rofitable only if it completes the following goals a. Become a fast & exact copy cat and compete on a low price. b. Be able to find reliable & low cost suppliers overseas. c. Originally has or be able to build good scattering channels, imaging Kmart or Target to have their home brand golf gears. 3. The competitive pressures from the sellers of substitute product raises from a. The raising number of counterfeit equipments produced in China, selling online at attractive prices and ship to the world. b. The overall difficulty of the game, time consuming issues and the high golf fees are the three main barriers for recreational golfers.The current scotch crisis had forced many families to cut their spending on leisure activities. As presented in Exhibit 2 of Gambles original content, while the participation rate for golf was decreasing, the rate for running and workout at a fitness club showed significant increase of approximately 37% and 50% from 1996 to 2007. On the other hand, in December 2003, six leading brand has created an alliance to against counterfeiters and had recorded some successes with Chinese governments willingness of taking severe measures against uncontrolled counterfeiting.Golf, also known as the perfect couple with commerce, is a challenging sport that suits all age and sex groups. Its ability of improving social networks, expanding byplay opportunities and harmonise domestic conflicts was perceived by its players. The remaining golfers are more likely to be the core golfers those are loyal to the game. Mo reover, various governing bodies had successfully brought golf back into Olympics, starting 2016 Summer Olympics. Thus, the pressures from substitutes are moderate to normal. 4.The competitive pressures stemming from suppliers bargaining power were quite weak since a. The clubheads were made by casting houses in Asia, where rarely union power was exercised. The design is owned by those leading brands manufacturers and they are being selective in establishing contracts with surplus offshore casting houses. b. Most brands manufacturers co-develop shafts with suppliers that specializing in shaft design and manufacturing. The collaboration had provided attractive win-win opportunities, but weakens the suppliers bargaining power and feasibility. . Both clubheads and shafts suppliers had rarely chance to integrate themselves and become official club manufacturer due to the high entry barriers, as discussed in force No. 2-new entrants. Golf manufactures need to pay more attention to backgr ound cease to casting houses offshore. It is important to initiate effective controls on production and shipping procedures to prevent suppliers selling the same product on black market. 5. The competitive pressure stemming from creational golfers bargaining power were moderate to normal because a.Buyers are the end users, in another word, golfers, who purchase the equipment inofttimes and in small quantities. b. The manufacturers brand reputation and images are important to core golfers. c. Most golfers are very loyal to specific leading brand and has strong believes in its product performances. However, d. The demand was declining due to the number of golfers and total rounds played are declining. e. The USGA and R&A performance regulations had limited and equalized the technological capabilities of different manufacturers.The competitive pressure stemming from touring professional golfers are strong because their choices have strong influence to core golfers who watches the tour naments. The driving forces analysis The overall golf equipment market is downsizing. There are 3 major driving forces in this industry. Firstly, the regulatory design limitations adopted by USGA and R&A had driven the competitive changes. As a firmness, some leading brands capabilities of developing a sweeter swing were limited. Lower-end manufacturers got opportunities to hold back up on technological capabilities and had gained more market shares and made more profits than before.In addition, it had lowered the overall profit margins in the industry. Secondly, product innovation is another key driving forces. Although the battle on developing the most advanced clubs and balls to the market has never stopped, the battle had been upgraded by calling design innovations in spite of appearance golfs governing organizations regulatory limitations. Thirdly, the whole market trends are to be marketing driven. To play a better market mix such as understanding buyer interests, increasin g product differentiations, appropriate pricing and use effective promotion tools is the key task for every manufacturer.Leading brand like Callaway used heavy TV schedule, plus print and radio for mass advertising in order to bring its Big Bertha Steelhead Plus metalwoods and manacles to market (Stogel, 2000). Winning endorsement contracts with top tour professionals improves images of the brand and influences core golfers purchasing decision. The above driving forces are inter-related and together influencing this mature industry by making the competitions fiercer than ever. The strategic group map The strategic group map below shows the comparative market positions of selected golf equipment manufacturers using price and design innovations/advancement. observe Circles are drawn roughly proportional to the total revenues of each manufacturer. ) The map provides some indication of brand positioning in general. It shows that Callaway, Ping and TaylorMade are likely to struggle mor e with market share competitions. On the other hand, the governing organizations regulation driving force will favour strategic groups like Adam and Nike as the design limitation smoothes the differences among their innovation capabilities to the high-end ones. However, this map may not mean much as most of the product brands have their own advantages and have significant market share in some specific golf equipment.For example, Nike with a very successful record in golf line up and footgear sales, where it was the second leading golf shoes manufacturers, had never grown to 3 percents market shares of golf clubs. In all, Nike is best positioned in this map with almost no overlapping with another other brands. Key success factors The key factors determine the success of company competing in the golf equipment industry should be closely colligate to the industrys dominant economic characteristics, driving forces and market positions (Thompson, Strickland III and Gamble 2010, p. 92). There are several factors that could affect the competition, three of them outranked in enormousness from three different areas. First of all, in regards to product marketing, a well-known and well-respected brand name influences buyers purchasing decision. Therefore, clever advertising using the appropriate media to gain effective contact with the potential buyers is every golf equipment manufacturers market focus. Over the years, winning endorsement contract with top touring professionals with respective social image had been canonical to be the most effective way of creating and enhancing brand image.Nike Golf as a late comer was a star in using endorsement contract to improve brand recognition and boost sales. The company has recorded notable success in golf apparel, footwear and ball market since its 1996 endorsement contract with Tiger Wood. (Gamble 2008, C-96) Product innovation capabilities come next in this competition pool. The overall market is still very sensitive to f irst-to-market new attributes and features to be added on, even though the industry is considered as mature with knowledge-customers.All leading brands in the industry had put huge amount of resources on R&D and had delivered several remarkable models to market over the years, although Callaway and TaylorMade seem to be more internationally recognised by their innovation power. Thus, there is no overall market leader in innovation, but leading models in different product group (Woods, Irons, Putters, Golf balls & Accessories) for a specific time period. Another key success factor is product distribution related.As we mentioned before, leading manufactures sell their product mainly through on-course and off-course pro shops and most large pro shops have made variety of brands and models available in stock. The retailers/sales preferences will more or less influence buyers final decision at point of purchasing. Therefore, the relationship with these retailers is important, especially for brands like TaylorMade-adidas Golf that does not offer consumers the option of purchasing clubs or apparel on its website (Gamble 2008, C-92). Callaway Vs.TaylorMade-adidas, financially The financial performance of a company is commonly a good indicator of how well its competitive system works in the market. However, the way of translating and comparing companies financial result has never been easy. we take the egress rate as an example by looking at the manufactures 2007 total sales revenue, Callaway Golf increased its sales (rounded to the nearest million) by $107M =10% from $1,018M in 2006 to $1,125M in 2007. Callaways net income was more than doubled from $23M to $55M during the same time.That makes the earning per share (EPS) increased from $0. 34 to $ 0. 82. In contrast, TaylorMade-adidas net sales experienced a 52M = 6% decrease from 856M its peak 2006 to 804M in 2007. The companys operating profit has also gone down from 73M to 65M during the same time. It seems that Callaway performed much better than TaylorMade-adidas in 2007. provided if we compare the same figures over a 4-year period from 2004 to 2007, Callaways increase in net sales was $109M=20%, comparing to TaylorMade-adidass 171M=27% increase, the result is obviously different.Therefore, both Callaway and TaylorMade-adidas had successfully coped the key competitive forces and gained comparatively healthy financial performances between 2004 and 2007, under the given economic condition. In addition, the growth evaluate for each product category are also different mainly stem from the differences in innovation capabilities and buyers perception. From the financial data given in the case study, Callaway Golf was easier to achieve growth in manufacturing woods/drivers and iron clubs, shown 28. 2% and 19% growth during 2004 to 2007.The company had struggled with its golf sales and was unable to make any positive growth on it. TaylorMade-adidas Golf found it was easier to obtain growth and maintained the market leader position in the driver category as well as hybrid clubs. Although, TaylorMades irons have a very wide price range from $600 to $1300 per set, with a total market share of 15. 2%, it had never challenged Callaways market lead position in irons. Moreover, TaylorMade-adidas also gained significant sales increases in golf apparel and footwear, shown 107% and 63% during 2004 and 2007. product line All calculations are based on Exhibit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 from Gambles original case. ) Recommendations In order to improve its competitive position, Callaway should continue frame large amount in R&D to maintain its innovation capability and maintain its leading position in iron sets and putter. It should also spend more efforts on marketing issues such as collecting different customer requirements to help develop new equipments and bring the product line to a wider range that suits every player.More money should be spent on advertising to improve its image as a fu ll-line golf gear manufacturer. To frequently advertise on selected fashion and life style magazines can not only increase its overall brand recognition, but also boost apparel, footwear and other accessories sales. In addition, it is also important to build good relationship with major retailers. This normally includes higher retail outlets supporting funds, sufficient professional trainings to sales representatives and more sales incentives.The improvement opportunities are all related to the main driving forces in the industry. This case analysis recommend Callaway to maintain its current strategy of being the market lead in product performance and innovation, but do not shifting its focus to price wars. Similar to Callaway, TaylorMade-adidas should also fall out investing in R&D to maintain its leading position in drivers and hybrid clubs. They will also need to spend more dollars on advertising of its market share winning apparel and footwear.Find another Tiger and lock him/he r into an endorsement contract like what competitor Nike did before is ceaselessly a simple but effective idea. Finally, the company will be benefit from 2 ways from offering the customer with the option of purchasing clubs and apparel by visiting its website. One is increase sales and avoid changing of mind when visiting retailers that has several competitive brands available. The other one is to do business with end customers will help the company collect first-hand information regarding the customer needs and product performance feedback.In all, unlike Callaway who aims to be the all-round manufacturer, TaylorMade-adidas should focus on winning buyers recognition of being specialised in drivers and hybrid club and the No. 1 in golf fashion industry. This analysis recommends Fortune brands to better differentiate its sub-brands and each ones target market. Their advertising effort should then be separated in regards to different target groups. In addition, the company should also work on cost reduction opportunities in order to cut their prices to be better positioned in the market, its ZB line of iron sets is a good example.

My interersting travelling Essay

The advantages of group learningAs students are trained in the form of credits you belike already know and familiar with concepts such as group exercises , group discussions , group go away But not with any student or group of students who in like manner exploit the positive approach of this study . The cause of this situation comes from the students who , or some metres from the other fair game reasons .The advantage of this method of learning is near always students aware and undeniable . Learning environment group will actively promote the learning of individuals , creating cohesion in a community . opus working in groups , the contradictions that arise from student to resolve conflicts . From there , they will have the readiness to resolve conflicts , to convince others of the situation may be encountered in later life .The spirit of learning and the ability to listen to others and will be what students will learn . These skills are very important when you step turn ou t of the work environment and this would be a good premise to know how to work in a team environment .Work , group discussions, not merely at the request of teachers set for students , but more importantly it is the study of student research . Study groups will gather opinions of individual creative thinking , from which the product will be rich academic creativity . The best method will be selected from the comments yet. Learning products will now also be the result of all the members .School groups are not effective , why ?The positive aspects of group learning methods is undeniable . But no group of students also achieved the highest results with this method of learning , even sometimes some students feel it brings a lot of forms and achieve less effective than individual work people . So the reason why ?First, a number of students considered that the group work exercise ofcollective psychology so often not my job , everyone except himself . As a result, no one common father c ry . Many think that school groups will be very comfortable as it is a form of learning by playing , learning to speak , thrown across his back turned another thing around this table It s so wrong . Since you are self- wasting his time in vain .Second, learning requires self-discipline team of each team member . The work is analogous to the operation of a production line . Lines will not work , or work less effective if a set forth does not work or does not work properly function . If a team member does not work as assigned will result in the group will work stalled .The third reason , which is the division of labor is not clear . Sometimes a team member to take on too much work , while members have nothing to do .The work of the group is often put too much for the hauler , sometimes even product is the result of individual rather than the leader of the group of products . Conversely , sometimes the leader hug too much work for her to lead the others self-love and the res ult is uncooperative .How to learn good team ?There are many causes of this learning method is not effective . Both objective reasons and from the school itself . So how to approach learning the most effective team ?First of all assigned work is reasonable . This depends on the role and ability of the leader to direct . When the work is clearly divided for each member they will be aware of his role , is responsible for completing the work .It is oddly important to say to the self- consciousness of individuals in groups , students should find themselves responsible for a part of it , and the finished product has a contribution herself . A group is entirely effective when the members have self-consciousness self-awareness of time , homework , self-awareness speech Only when each student develophighly independent spirit , think about issues that need to provide learning research group that studies the group , the new group is promoting effects .And finally , the spirit of learnin g , listening fractious , hard for that team will be the key to a successful exercise group . School performance group only when it is done on the floor of preparation of the content and methods of all members of the organization .With a networked computer , you can voice chat to discuss , study groups with friends everywhere just to save time , to be effective Please prepare yourself for a serious academic attitude and an effective group I hope to share on your part to help the students gain interest in learning groups , especially the effectiveness of learning with this method

Human Aggression In The Social Context: An Analysis Of The Reasons Why Human Beings Fight

Human aggression has been consistently blamed for the growing incidence of violence all over the world. The link between aggression and violence is clear when we ar to consider factors other than biologic and psychological factors. This idea aims to establish a clear evidence of the direct play of tender factors in human aggression. Further, this paper aimed at establishing the fact that suppressing violence is possible when social factors are controlled.For the purpose of initial discussion, this paper preferred to presently discuss the definition of human aggression using official definitions for the purpose of establishing a common ground. Biological and psychological factors are no more discussed, apart from comparison some part of the paper for the reason that this paper foc uses on the role of social factors in human aggression.Bulk of this paper discusses and investigates the role of social factors and the social responsibility towards human aggression. A conclusion and a number of recommendations are offered by the writer for the readers consideration.The United Nations, an international organization of countries in the world aimed at 1maintaining international peace and security, had in its 2319th Plenary Meeting adopted a board resolution for the official definition of aggression.UN addressed aggression in a global concept as the most serious and dangerous form of the illegal use of force, universe fraught, in the conditions created by the existence of all types of weapons of luck destruction, with the possible threat of a world conflict and all its catastrophic consequences (Resolution 3314, Annex).For the purpose of a broader discussion of the subject, this writer finds it important to present the qualifications of aggression outline and approved by the UN Board (Article 3)1. The invasion, attack or occupation by the armed forces of a separate of the territory of a nonher State by the use of force.2. Bombardment by the armed forces of a S tate against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons.3. The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State.4. An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or impart forces, or marine and air fleets of another State.5. The use of armed forces of one State which are within the territory of another State in contravention of the conditions provided for in the agreement or any extension of their presence in such territory beyond the termination of the agreement.6. The action of a State in allowing its territory to be apply by that other State for perpetrating an act of aggression against a third State.7. The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State.In consideration of the above qualifications, we can draw out just one general idea of how UN get wind aggression and that is any act that will harm other countries or state. N eeded to be stressed, the Board Resolution also qualified that such acts are considered as aggression regardless of the declaration of war.The etymology of the word will also lead us to the same element as with that of the United Nations official definition. Merriam-Webster defines aggression as(1) a forceful action or procedure (as an unprovoked attack) particularly when intended to dominate or master,(2) the practice of making attacks or encroachments especially unprovoked violation by one country of the territorial integrity of another (3) hostile, injurious, or destructive way or outlook especially when caused by frustration. It is a derivation of the Latin word aggressio which means attack (Merriam-Webster Online).Sarah Mc Cawley has adapted a more direct and simple definition 2Aggression is an action. It is intended to harm someone. Mc Cawley stressed that aggression as an action can be in a verbal or somatic manner. The main point of the above definitions is the presence a nd intention of producing harm.Prominent personalities in related fields of sciences seem to agree on the said definition. But when it comes to the analysis of the caused of aggression, biologists, psychologists and take down social psychologists differ in their views and interpretations of study results.The debate between and the natural (innate) and socio-cultural (learned) causes of aggression had been an international issue for many years. Despite the long list of studies and experiments do on the subject, violence, as a result of aggression still continues to dominate over peace. It is therefore important to find out why while biological factors of aggression have been proven to be valid not all persons resort to violence.There must be something else that provokes human aggression as suggested by the variety in crime rates or incidents of violence in different areas and regions of the world. There must be something outside the human nature of truculentness that induces him to fight. This paper asserts that social conditions also contribute to the expression of aggression (J. Taylor & J. Nellist).Bandura is well-known for his 4Social Learning Theory which he developed using his experiment on kids and bo-bo dolls. This theory holds that domain are not innately aggressive (S. Mc Cawley). Bandura asserts that children to be aggressive in two ways by observation and from receiving rewards for the aggressive behavior. Mc Cawley offered a logical example of the observation process.A child for example is a witness of how his father beats his wife after some sort of heated argument. after showing such aggressive behavior, the father obviously had successfully dominated the situation and because of beating his wife, the argument then stopped.In the childs eyes, his fathers aggressive behavior (beating his wife) is a way of resolving the problem (wife arguing with the husband). The reward then for the aggressive behavior is that the argument had been stopped. T his is an example of observational cultivation (J. Liu).Rewards may also come in different ways 5getting control of the situation, getting praise/ positive reinforcement for the aggressive behavior or by stopping aggression by others or the negative reinforcement.For example, the father has to beat his wife in order to stop nagging so the reward for being aggressive is of having the goal of stopping the wifes nagging. If a child tries to bully another child in force him to lend him a toy, the aggressive behavior is rewarded when the other child gave up his toy because the other tries to hurt him.Negative reinforcement happens when a child tries to threaten other child that he sees as a potential threat to his toys or food. For example, child A will warn child B not to get his toys otherwise child A will no more let him in their house ever again.If child B being threatened will not in turn get the toys, child A is being rewarded for his aggressive behavior. Having been either posit ively rewarded or successful by negative reinforcement, the child gets to repeat the aggressive behavior over and over again.An individual who had experienced or is currently experiencing some sort of violence are believed to be more aggressive than those who are not exposed to it. This is maintained by the concept of 3victim association as asserted by Nathanson and Cantor. In their experiment, two sets of children were asked to watch a violent characterization.One set were sure to feel the emotions of the victims in the movie they are to watch. The other set watched the movie without any sort of advice. It turned out that those children who were asked to empathize with the victims in the violent movie were less likely to exhibit violent behavior than those who just watched the movie.

Analyse and present research information Essay

Executive summaryIn this case study Kerr Deliveries is a service orient frame. They are doing courier service. The purpose of this case study is to solve the problem as an IT expert. Without learning technology it is really difficult to develop the worry. This modern era is about globalization. connection should adopt divergent formation for their transmission line to stay safe in the right track. Robert Kerr is a successful delivery company based on NSW since 1995. I am working as his assistant. In this report i will recommend which computer to corrupt for the company.After researching computer market i hazard company should buy Dell desktop, Toshiba laptop and Samsung PDA. In research report bellow I am going explain why company should buy those brand computers.In this case study Kerr Deliveries is a small company which is operate by Robert Kerr and his associates. They house delivery services by bicycles, vans and cars for their clients across Sydney and regional NSW. Due to railway line expanding at rapid rate ,Robert going to begin operations in Canberra, Melbourne and Brisbane in couple of months cartridge holder.User/system personnel port in improving system flexibility Information system has great impact in a either business makeup. Information systems flexibility is befitting increasingly important, both research (for example information system, supply chain management, organizational flexibility, research domains) and industry. Rapidly change in the business every organization has given to a greater extent signifi slewce on information systems.Although RTD did not implement information system flexibility and online presence in their business, to develop their business organization they should introduce their information system flexibility in their business. However, the main concept of flexibility in a management disciplines including organization strategy and structured, manufacturing and IT. Every business directly and indirectly de pends on information system and companies give primary priority to the information systems. System flexibility develops business efficiency and customer satisfactions. (question1)A service oriented regularity for system of systems requirements analysis and architecture design For rapid changes in business environment organization are facing dissimilar problems, they whitethorn also face the problem of alignment ofIT with business strategy. In our case study RTD faces lots of problems regarding business strategy. Though they are service oriented company with combination of courier, removals and cattle transportation in a certain locality.They have not got proper information systems also got poor transaction bear witness system, job schedule, vehicles problem are the main business problems. In their business they also face few more problems like payroll problem, poor trade strategy, invoicing problem, and cash and cheque oriented transactions. This expression provides reusable an d flexible solution for system requirement modelling and it enables the requirement description of system. It also demonstrates the applicability of the method for the service oriented company. (Question 2) Communication of the association for information systemEvery organization should implement information system to operate their business activities. This expression describes how a punctuated process model mountain analyse a specific information system learning (ISD). They also focus on information system have which was implemented in a UK retail small medium sized enterprise (SME). A new technology was being applied instead of earlier one. Basically information system method can give us a new realistic and valuable way to realize ISD as a social process. By using information system development, RTD can communicate through organizational work as well as information system tropeing process within the organization. Eventually this change in existing organizational routines can play positive impact on RTD. (Question 3)Organizational information system competence in SMESmall medium sized enterprise can play vital role in the global economy. In every SME, they need information system to enhance their business activities. in that respect are some associates with business advantages, Information system planning, acquiring IS knowledge and describing its requirements, software and computer hardware sourcing, develop the application and tools and finally maintain the relationship between IS and suppliers. There are various new frameworks which can dish up RTD to develop their operational activities. Macro-competence (business and strategical thinking) help them to get rid of their previous problem. This model can develop businessopportunities from current and emerging hardware and software applications. It can also help to established appropriate criteria for decision making on IS investment. It can shuffled with IS plan with business strategy. (Question 8) Competitive advantages and strategic Information systemIn the time of modern technology, business organization needed useful system for existing in global business. They should implement different types of information system for their business. In this article they provide us different information system which can really help to achieve competitive advantages. Those systems are as follows Decision support systems (DSS) that helps to build strategic approach to manage Information system/ information technology with an organizational business planning. Primarily Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) which can integrate between enterprise objectives and enterprise resources. Data base system is selective information mining which can help to gather the information for marketing, production, promotion and the innovation for the business organization. Real time Information systems that intended to maintain a rapid response and the quality indicators. (Question 5)Information System Strategy R e conceptualization, Measurement and Implications jibe to Davis (2000) the information systems of an organization consist of the information technology infrastructure, data, application systems, and personnel that employ IT to deliver information and communications services in an organization .Thus the excogitation of IS combines both the technical components and Human activities within the organization as well as describes the process of managing the life cycle of organizational IS Practices (Avgerou and McGrath 2007). In this article they focused on new typology that operationallized is strategy in a way that can apply in a holistic sense to the organization. They also describe different definition of strategy in their extended strategic management literature and finalizing of information system strategy. RTD can use centric view of IS strategy may resolve these outlined issues.(Question 4) ConclusionsIn conclusion RTD face various problems when they started their business.Ther e is no alternative without using information system in a business organization. Nowadays, the business environment change rapidly because of globalization. Every company should keep their information up to date for exist in this competitive market. Information system can do everything. By this system organization can collect data from out sourcing and they can store the data for long as well. They can also communicate properly within as well as outside the organization. They can use different software program for operating their business. They can improve their payroll system. However, they can collect data from internet about competitors. Eventually an organization like RTD can do the best in the market.RecommendationsThere are some recommendations RTD can apply for their current situation, for example quislingism and communication, intranet and extranet, different marketing strategy. RTD has some problems to solve these they should first identify their business requirements with information system requirements.Models of Collaboration as the Foundation for Collaboration Technologies Collaboration is very useful in every organization. According to this article collaboration technologies would be more effective and more readily adopted and accepted if collaboration technology development were guided by models of collaboration. Model construction plays an important role in software development today software developers construct, for example, data models and object models. This method has no complexity.Most of the organization uses this model for their organization. The authors described four type of collaboration model. Those are as follows 1) UML (universal modeling language), 2) work flow Modeling, 3) coordination theory model, 4) Goal, objectives, methods, and Selection (GOMS). Here, RTD can use the GOMS model, as they are doing repetitive job like transporting, and courier service for their local clients. Different human teams differed substantially in th e ways they interacted and communicated. The GOMS model described how the tasks were intended to be done, but actual behavior deviated astray from this ostensive model.The Internet and DSS massive, real-time data availableness is changing the DSS landscape The Internet can serve as a source of massive, micro-level data. In the article they discuss about the opportunity and challenges in capturing and utilizing real-time data off the Internet, intranets, or extranets. In the modern technology The Internet and company intranets and extranets increasingly provide the opportunity for a firm to obtain repeated observation of individual choices and actions. Firms now often have access to the information necessary to track the progress to transaction.This abundance or rush of real time information poses significant opportunities and challenges for DSS development and implementation.RTD has to apply this technology for their business. According to Bapna et al. (2006) the role of Internet d ata in developing and testing new theories and patterns of individual behavior and market performance. They focused on how such abundance of real-time data offers new horizons for DSS development and continual recalibration. However, they also described the emergence of DSS internets data rich environments and B2B system with supply chain management.ReferencesOBrien, J & Marakas, G 2011, vigilance information systems, 10th edn, McGraw Hill, New York. Palanisamy, R, Boyle, T.A & Stuart, I 2009, User/System Personnel Interface in Improving Information Systems Flexibility, ANNAMALAI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF pipeline STUDIES & RESEARCH, Vol. 1, pp.12-22(online EBSCOhost).Zhang, Y & Liu, X 2012, A Service-Oriented Method for System-of- Systems Requirements Analysis and Architecture Design, JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, Vol. 7, pp. 358-366 (online EBSCOhost).Newman, M 2009, Punctuated Process Modeling of Information Systems Development An Illustration from a Mid-Sized Enterprise, Communication o f the association for information system, Vol.24, pp.673-700 (online EBSCOhost).Cragg, P, Caldeira, M & Ward,J 2011, Organizational information systems competences in small and medium-sized Enterprises, Information & Management, Vol.48, pp.353-363 (online EBSCOhost)Chen,D, Mocker, M, Preston, D.S, & Teubner, A 2010, INFORMATION SYSTEMS STRATEGY RECONCEPTUALIZATION, MEASUREMENT, AND IMPLICATIONS, MIS Quarterly, vol.34, pp.233-259 (online EBSCOhost)Hemmatfar, M, Salehi,M & Bayat,M 2010, Competitive Advantages and strategical Information Systems, International Journal of Business and Management, vol.5, pp.158-170 (online EBSCOhost)Poltrock,S & Handel,M 2010, Models of Collaboration as the Foundation for Collaboration Technologies, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol.27, Pp.97-122 (online EBSCOhost)Marsden, J.R 2008, The Internet and DSS massive, real-time data availability is changing the DSS landscape, Springer, Vol.6, pp.193-203 (online EBSCOhost)